Yaptik E. S. Chum — Dacha (Summer Tipi) as a Strategy of Economic Activity of the Nenets of Yamal

Elizaveta S. Yaptik
N. N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow, Russia
E-mail: lizaveta67@rambler.ru

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ABSTRACT. Today, due to a decrease in the number of reindeer herders in municipal brigades and to the reindeer mortality, unemployment has begun to increase in the tundra of the Yamal Peninsula. Indigenous economic units (communities) also tend to “delete” Nenets, who have few reindeer, from their lists. Due to the massive reindeer plagues that occurred in 2014 and 2018 and the anthrax epidemic in 2016, many nomadic reindeer herders who have lost herds have been searching for alternative models of economic activity. Some of them moved to villages, while others put up chum-dacha on the banks of rivers and lakes, where fish is still found. These practices have been used by the Nenets at all times–having lost their reindeer, the Nenets placed chum near settlements, and then, increasing the number of livestock, again “got to their feet” and returned to nomadic migrations. The article describes some of the fundamental differences between the chum-dacha and the nomadic chum, discussing who and when sets them and for what purpose. How “true” are these chum? Is it possible to consider the “summer tipi” as future platforms for organizing self-employment of the settled indigenous people?

KEYWORDS: Yamal, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, sedentary Nenets, reindeer herders, summer tipi — chum-dacha, natural life, nyade mya

УДК [394+397](511.2)
DOI 10.31250/2618-8619-2020-1(7)-43-50

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